10.3390/pharmaceutics15020468 Summary Keywords melasma, hyperpigmentation, topical drug delivery, nanoparticles, nanotechnology, skin permeation, clinical effectiveness Citation Ghasemiyeh P, Fazlinejad R, Kiafar MR, Rasekh S, Mokhtarzadegan M and Mohammadi-Samani S (2024) Different therapeutic approaches in melasma: advances and limitations
Barbier P, Zejneli O, Martinho M, Lasorsa A, Belle V, Smet-Nocca C, et al
On the other hand, the process of fusion, which is mediated by Opa-1 can facilitate healthy mitochondrial fragments to form new functional mitochondria (Kanazawa et al., 2008), which includes the exchange of mitochondrial DNA (Youle and van der Bliek, 2012)
Furthermore, hypoxia can have proliferative effects on human fibroid cells by inducing the expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) through the HIF-1/TGF-3/Smad3/NOX4 signaling pathway, wherein the phosphorylation of Smad3 by TGF-3 under hypoxic conditions leads to cellular proliferation and fibroid growth (Figure 2) [8]
Serious side effects are possible
Constipation or diarrhea may also appear
