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The last enzyme in this pathway, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor in the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA which then enters the TCA cycle

Global Change Biology, 26(1): 103118 Qi Z, Liu C (2023)

Hum Reprod 2020;35:218896

Two mechanisms of reaction of these species with DNA and proteins are known: type I mechanism, involving one-electron transfer, and type II mechanism which can be divided into two subtypesmajor mechanism based on reaction with DNA via singlet oxygen, resulting in formation of 8-oxoguanine, and minor mechanism based on formation of a superoxide anion radical which undergoes disproportionation reaction, giving hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species (IARC 2012)

Alcohol is itself a hepatotoxin

the unabsorbed oral -tocopherol dose was excreted in the feces (15)