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Exosomes derived from microRNA-199a-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells inhibit glioma progression by down-regulating AGAP2

Hannon, P

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doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00164.2025, 54

The lipids protect the peptide in multiple ways: gastrointestinal enzymes cant penetrate the lipophilic (fat-loving) shell, the nanoparticles slip through the mucus barrier that normally blocks large molecules, and once they reach the absorption membrane, they can fuse directly with cell membranes or get taken up through lymphatic transport, completely bypassing first-pass liver metabolism

It is more bioavailable than standard reduced glutathione, but it still lacks the cellular-mimicry of more advanced delivery systems