Hyperglycemia induces oxidative and nitrosative stress and increases renal functional impairment in Nrf2-deficient mice
In turn, this inhibits respiratory chain activity and mitophagy and induces oxidative damage and apoptosis in pancreatic islet -cells, leading to enhanced insulin resistance ( In vivo experiments further confirmed that PAA significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and proteinuria levels in STZ-induced DKD mice, inhibited the expression of IL-1 and TNF- in renal tissues, significantly increased the levels of LC3 and ATG5 proteins, and downregulated the levels of marker proteins such as p62 and FUNDC1, suggesting that PAA can improve renal dysfunction in DKD mice by downregulating FUNDC1 activation of mitophagy (Wu et al., 2023)
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