In various types of cancers, including gastric (5), lung (27), breast (17,28), endometrial (29), cervical (30), prostate (31) and head and neck tumors (21), the downregulation or complete silencing of GPX3 gene expression, along with hypermethylation of CpG in the CpG island of the GPX3 promoter, have been observed (32)
As for CASP3, studies have shown a correlation between abnormal expression and BRCA patient prognosis, and an abnormal CASP3-mediated apoptosis pathway is a potential mechanism of chemoresistance in BRCA 40,41
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LY294002 and SP600125 were from EMD (Gibbstown, NJ, USA) Western blot analysis The antibodies used for western blotting included those against stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK, phospho-SAPK/JNK (Thr183/Tyr185), caspase-7, caspase-9, phospho-Bcl-2 (Ser70), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), cytochrome c and -actin (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA), cytochrome oxidase subunit IV (Cox IV
Homocysteine, B vitamins, and risk of cardiovascular disease
Suo LN & Zhang D