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Unlike common drugs, peptides do not leave long-lasting metabolites because they break down into amino acids

Patients may also experience a characteristic breath odor due to acetone formation (228, 230)

Moreover, not all methodologies utilized in these studies are properly validated against the gold standard, i.e., the Ussing chamber, and therefore caution is needed in the interpretation of these permeability data

It has previously been suggested that mucosal immunity tends to be short-lived and that vaccines targeted to the mucosa may be less immunogenic at these sites [43], which are limitations that need to be overcome for efficacious mucosal-targeted vaccines

Benefits: Ease of use

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995582 Received 16 July 2022 Accepted 01 November 2022 Published 16 November 2022 Volume 13 - 2022 Edited by Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Reviewed by Cassio Almeida-da-Silva, University of the Pacific, United States