Gastroenterology 108:14121417
As of the time of writing, both agents remain in clinical development and have not received a marketing authorisation from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
No clinically validated dose exists, as these are clinical practice patterns, not trial-tested protocols
Sci Rep 12:2890 Malesevic M, Strijowski U, Bchle D, Sewald N (2004) An improved method for the solution cyclization of peptides under pseudo-high dilution conditions
Copper catalyzes oxidation on air contact
Because it is already in its active form, it does not require conversion within the body before being utilized, making it a preferred form of Vitamin B12 for many healthcare professionals