Red or purple chromaturia is a side effect of hydroxocobalamin, typically resolving over several weeks.2 Additional causes of red urine include blood (e.g., traumatic catheterization, malignancy, infection), dietary ingestion (e.g., beets), and medications (e.g., rifampin, phenothiazines).3 Although benign and not warranting further evaluation by itself, hydroxocobalamin-induced discolouration of body fluids may interfere with colorimetric sensors
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 84(19): e01430e18 Saunders A M, Albertsen M, Vollertsen J, Nielsen P H (2015)
Furthermore, research links an increase in L carnitine dose to improved renal and liver function
The associations appear particularly robust among adolescents (94) and in analyses demonstrating significant dose-response relationships (98), with specific UPF subgroups such as artificially sweetened beverages, processed meats, ready-packaged bread, high-sodium foods, foods high in additives and fried foods emerging as significant dietary contributors (67, 70, 71, 104, 115)
doi:10.1016/0002-9378(94)90074-4
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.016 97