The antimalarial chloroquine, in macrophages infected with Cryptococcus , induces fungal death via iron complex formation and inhibits thiamine transporter activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , linked to glucose metabolism (Huang et al., 2012)
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Although superoxide (O 2 .- ) initiated cascades of reactions are important in clearing foreign pathogens, largely within the safe confines of the phagocytic vacuole, sustained NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation is considered to result in adverse effects on the host [3]
During the initiation phase, lipid free radicals are formed as initiators for the peroxidation chain reaction [52, 53]
Vitamin C transporters in cancer: current understanding and gaps in knowledge