Although side effects are minor, some individuals may experience bruising, pain, or swelling at the injection site, headache, fever, or chills, drooping eyelids, uneven eyebrows, or a crooked smile
In experimental models of cerebral ischaemia, DSIP administration was associated with accelerated restoration of motor coordination and reduced neuronal damage, with proposed mechanisms involving stabilisation of neuronal membrane function and protection against excitotoxicity from excessive glutamate signalling
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Another study showed that Pycnogenol reduced retinal edema and improved visual acuity in early diabetic retinopathy (46)
These medications reduce gastric acid production, which is necessary for releasing dietary vitamin B12 from food proteins and for maintaining the stability of the B12-intrinsic factor complex
However, the physiological importance of DHARs in ascorbate regeneration has been recently called into question