8 GIPR deficiency in mice leads to impaired glucose tolerance with reduced cell function, 9 while GIP overexpression results in improved glucose tolerance, enhanced cell function, and resistance to highfat dietinduced obesity
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[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 170.Nuttall F.Q., Almokayyad R.M., Gannon M.C
doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00234-1 Blundell J, et al
A second study in rats highlighted liraglutides role in promoting the release of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine that was effective in relieving migraine-associated pain [24]
**Research Applications and Mechanism of Action** Laboratory research has explored the combined action of these four peptides across overlapping and complementary biological pathways