With ovarian aging, the fully glycosylated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) variant 24 (FSH24) increases, exhibiting reduced affinity for the FSH receptor (FSHR) ( 2+ levels, along with reduced cAMP, elevate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (Jin et al., 2022), which upregulates the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio on the mitochondrial membrane, triggering mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss and Cyt C release
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If these aren't neutralized, they cause oxidative stress
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Reed DL, Sacco WP
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