GHK-Cu is fully endogenous, present in human plasma, saliva, and urine, and released at sites of tissue injury through breakdown of SPARC and type I collagen
After serum limitation-induction, positive FOXO4 and p53-pS15 immunofluorescence staining was stronger in the nucleus of keloid fibroblasts at 48 h, but in the nucleus of normal skin fibroblasts at 72 h
The peptide reduces production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1, TNF-, and IL-6 while enhancing expression of anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10 and TGF-, creating a cytokine milieu that supports tissue repair rather than ongoing damage
E., and Catto, J
SASP inflammatory signaling declines
The distinction matters because these two categories of treatment target the body in completely different ways, and confusing them leads to patients choosing the wrong protocol for their actual concern