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It reflects mechanisms medicine has relied on for decades

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Recent studies have showed that oral ingestion of L-carnitine in both animals and humans results in generation of trimethylamine by intestinal microbiota, which is absorbed and then metabolized to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by liver flavin monoxygenases (FMOs) (especially FMO3 and FMO1) 35,45

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Financial support and sponsorship This work was supported by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province (#2023-JC-QN-0239), the National Department of Education Central Universities Research Fund (#GK202207004), the University-Industry Collaborative Education Program (#231005940204433) to Wang LY, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (#82000512) to Huang YM

Hoque et al