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Through its exceptional antioxidant capacity, significant anti-inflammatory effects, and ability to stimulate collagen production, astaxanthin addresses multiple aspects of skin aging simultaneously
GR can perform its enzymatic activity in the cytoplasm, but also in the ER and within lysosomes, mitochondria and the nucleus
Dehydroascorbate is reduced to ASC by DHAR, using the electron from GSH, which is therefore oxidized to glutathione disulfide (GSSG)
Subgroup data fills in the picture further
We have recently shown that the collateral sensitivity of resistant cells to these drugs is dependent on P-gp expression and activity, whereby stimulation of its ATPase activity triggers a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to heightened oxidative cell death of resistance cells [14,15,16,17]