Neurological and biochemical testing Neurological and biochemical characteristics of the patients are given in Supplementary Table 2
In ALS, HGF treatment prevents excitotoxic insult through the enhanced expression of glutamate transporter 1 in astrocytes and subsequent clearance of the excessive glutamate (Sun et al., 2002
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BPC-157 significantly suppressed flinches in a dose-dependent manner in phase 1
Proposed pathways include modulation of multiple neurotransmitter systems (influencing serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate levels), possible involvement of NMDA receptors, alpha-1 adrenergic signaling (e.g., potentiating pineal acetyltransferase activity), inhibition of somatostatin release via dopaminergic routes, reduced ACTH/cortisol for stress buffering, and stimulated growth hormone or somatoliberin secretion
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