Together, these findings suggest that cellular resistance to cuproptosis also depends on a hierarchically organized copper-buffering system, in which mtGSH provides rapid, dynamic metal buffering, whereas metallothioneins confer sustained high-affinity sequestration to prevent mitochondrial copper overload
Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6 can cross the BBB, activating microglia and amplifying neuroinflammation (118)
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The results can last several months, but maintenance treatments are necessary to sustain the effects
Figure 1 Across human populations, basal G6PD enzyme activity is highly variable, with hundreds of missense genetic mutations described worldwide in the X-linked G6PD gene
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