Supplementation has been shown to reduce the amount of flares, improve emotional and mental well-being, and improve bone mineral density in lupus patients
Standard laboratory handling involves lyophilized 20 C storage, reconstitution in sterile or bacteriostatic water, and aliquoting to limit freeze-thaw cycles
Starchy vegetables (such as potatoes) and non-citrus fruits (for example, apples, bananas, grapes, and mangoes)
Zhou F, Zhang H, Cong Z, Zhao LH, Zhou Q, Mao C, Cheng X, Shen DD, Cai X, Ma C, Wang Y, Dai A, Zhou Y, Sun W, Zhao F, Zhao S, Jiang H, Jiang Y, Yang D, Eric Xu H, Zhang Y, Wang MW
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High-dose supplementationparticularly intramuscular injections that can deliver 1,000 micrograms or morecreates substantially elevated serum B12 levels compared to dietary intake, which may more readily trigger these bacterial changes, though comparative studies between different forms are limited