This initiates a cascade that leads to the activation of protein kinase A (PKA), closing of potassium channels, depolarization, and release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum.3 An increase of intracellular calcium levels within the cell initiates insulin expression in the nucleus, stimulates energy (ATP) production in the mitochondria, and triggers the release of insulin into the blood stream in a glucose dependent manner (image adapted from Adipogen Life Sciences).4,5 Several commercially and prescribed agents are now available for the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes
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Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for weight management, works by slowing stomach emptying and reducing appetite signals in the brain
Retatrutide goes further by targeting GLP-1, GIP, and GCG , with the glucagon component theoretically boosting fat burning and energy expenditure alongside appetite suppression
However, both medication types can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and diarrhoea, which may be more pronounced when taken together
When diet and exercise are not enough, proper use of medications can help you lose weight