T.BallardJ.et al
The relevance to humans is unclear, as humans have fewer thyroid C-cells than rodents
Kidney Dysfunction: While the kidneys do not directly excrete vitamin B12 efficiently, impaired renal function may lead to elevated serum B12 levels by reducing the clearance of B12-binding proteins or altering their metabolism, thereby contributing to B12 accumulation 8
Furthermore, taurine, an amino acid found in Goji berries, lowers hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis in retinal cells by a variety of mechanisms, including caspase-3 inhibition and increased production of protective genes [301]

Additional information Water, Butylene Glycol, Glycerin, Dimethicone, Titanium Dioxide (CI 77891), Niacinamide, Cyclopentasiloxane, Sodium Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer, Propanediol, Angelica Gigas Root Extract, Thuja Orientalis Leaf Extract, Lilium Candidum Flower Extract, Tremella Fuciformis (Mushroom) Extract, Sodium Hyaluronate, Hydrolyzed Glycosaminoglycans, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4, Thioctic Acid, Xylitol, Allantoin, Glutathione, Ascorbyl Glucoside, Adenosine, Aluminum Hydroxide, Isohexadecane, Dimethiconol, Sorbitan Oleate, Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrin, Polysorbate 80, Laureth-7, C13-14 Isoparaffin, Potassium Hydroxide, Triethoxycaprylylsilane, Polyacrylamide, Xanthan Gum, 1,2-Hexanediol, Benzyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Raspberry Ketone, Disodium EDTA, Fragrance
But nasal administration offers clear advantages for researchers who want ease and comfort: Easy and Painless : No needles