Clinical studies examining oxidative stress biomarkers in individuals with migraine have found that the number of monthly headache days was negatively correlated with serum concentrations of two antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity while being positively correlated with serum levels of glutathione peroxidase 1, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde ( Oxidative stress primarily refers to the process of oxidative damage resulting from an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidant systems in cells and tissues, leading to the accumulation of free radicals and ROS (46)
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Source : Adapted from Lindgren D, Tamm M, Ragnarsdttir B, et al
Signaling of transforming growth factor- family members through Smad proteins
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PLoS ONE 8:e81640